TANZANIA Institute OF Education (TIE) QUESTIONS

FORM FIVE biology

1.0 CYTOLOGY

1. Explain the importance of studying cytology.

2. Analyze the main ideas of the cell theory and its shortcomings 3. Explain why the cell is regarded as the basis unit of life 4. (a). Draw and label the structures of plant and animal cells as seen under high power magnification of light microscope

(b). Compare and contrast the two cells in (a) above.

5. Describe the composition of cell cytoplasm and its functions 6. Explain how the discovery of the electron microscope improved knowledge on cell structure.

7. Describe the contribution of each of the following scientist in cell biology: (a). Robert Hooke

(b). Theodor Schwann and Mathias Schleiden

8. Describe the structure of a plasma membrane as proposed by Danielli-Davson model

9. Describe the structure of a cell membrane as envisage by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson in the Fluid Mosaic Model.

(a). Explain why membranes are generally referred to as fluids.

(b). Name the chemical constituents of membranes and enumerate the role of each.

10. How is the cell membrane adapted to its functions 11. Describe the composition of the cell wall in living organisms.

12. Explain the functions of the structure which joins neighboring cells walls.

13. Describe the structure of the nucleus of a cell 14. Explain the role of nucleus

15. Why is the nucleus said to be the controller of all cellular activities 16. Describe the structural differences between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

17. Outline the functions of endoplasmic reticulum 18. Explain how the RER and SER are adapted to their roles.

19. What are the differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts 20. Explain why chloroplast and mitochondria are considered as prokaryotic cells in the eukaryotic cells.

21. Draw and label a diagram of each of the following organelles: (a). Chloroplast

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(b). Mitochondria

22. Why are lysosomes said to be suicide bags 23. Describe the structure and functions of lysosomes 24. Giving reasons, mention the parts of your body which are expected to have large number of lysosomes.

25. What do you understand by the term cytoskeleton 26. Explain the function of microtubules and microfilament in plant and animal cells.

27. Describe the structure, location and functions of centrioles in animal cell 28. Explain features which are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

29. Using examples, explain the concept of cell differentiation 30. Explain why cell differentiation is generally referred to as cellular division of labour.

31. What is the importance of cell differentiation in animals and plants 32. With illustrations, differentiate between monosaccharide and disaccharides 33. Explain the roles of carbohydrates in the human body.

34. Show how two glucose units are combined to produce maltose. Give details of chemical reactions involved and the bond formed.

35. Can sucrose reduce copper (II) in Benedicts solution? Give an annotated description of your answer.

36. Show how the structures of A glucose is maneuvered to produce B glucose, galactose and fructose.

37. Give an account on the properties of lipids 38. Classify lipids based on their chemical composition 39. Describe the structural functions of lipids in living organisms 40. Protein are said to be amphoteric in nature, what is the biological importance of this

41. Explain the medical importance of protein denaturation 42. Classify proteins on the basis of structure and function 43. Describe the factors governing enzymes activity 44. Explain how lock and key hypotheses illustrates specificity of enzymes 45. Classify enzymes on the basis of reactions they catalyzed.

46. Explain why substrates concentration has no effect on non-competitive inhibition

47. Explain why at temperatures above 40 C, mammalian enzymes enzymes do not function efficiently

48. Explain the roles of water in plants and animals 49. Water is said to be the universal solvent. Substantiate.

50. Explain the properties of water.

51. Why is mitochondria said to be a cell within a cell 52. Explain the prokaryotic nature of mitochondria and chloroplast 53. Chloroplast, mitochondria and bacteria have features in common.

Substantiate.

54. Explain the role of the following cell organelle: (a). Lysosomes

(b). Endoplasmic

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(c). Ribosome

(d). Golgi apparatus

55. With the aid of diagrams, differentiate a bacterial cell from a plant cell.

56. Describe the difference in molecular structure between cellulose and starch 57. Name the bond(s) formed between neighboring glucose molecules in starch and cellulose.

58. Explain why amylase, the enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch will not catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose.

59. Outline the uses of ATP in the metabolic activity of the cell(s).

2.0 PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

1. Differentiate between artificial and natural classification.

2. Explain the concept of ranks as used in classification 3. Explain what would be the problem if organism were not grouped into ranks

4. Assume that you are a taxonomist and you want to order some plant species from Tanzania tree seeds agency (TTSA) for the however, garden; the species to be ordered are lantana camara, hibiscus sp. With red flowers any panicum species, denonix regia, jatrotha curcas seeds and jatropha curcas stem cuttings.

(a). Write correctly the names of species of the species to be ordered before submitting to TTSA

(b). Using your knowledge on the rules of binomial nomenclature , explain the violet rules in the above names

(c). Provide a comprehensive list of species names to be submitted to TTSA

5. What do you understand by the following terms: (a). Nomenclature

(b). Binomial nomenclature

6. Citing examples of species from your local environment, outline the rules used in binomial nomenclature

7. Explain the significance of scientific naming of organisms 8. What is biological classification

9. Explain any four drawbacks of artificial system classification 10. Elucidate the advantages of natural system of classification 11. With examples, briefly explain why it is important to classify organisms 12. Explain with examples, scientific and technological advantages paralled with the taxonomic shift from artificial to natural system of classification 13. Explain the challenges of assigning scientific name to a newly discovered organism

14. Why is scientific naming of organism important 15. Citing one example for each, outline rules governing binomial nomenclature OK

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16. You are provided with fresh specimen of (a). phaseolus vulgaris (bean), (b).

sollanum tuberosum (irish potatoe), (c). solanum incanum (tomato), (bitter ball). Solanum aethiopicum (bitter tomato), (d). solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

(a). Examine characteristics of each of the plant species such as the stem, texture. Leaf blade size, leaf blade margin, flower colour, size of calyx and size of corolla

(b). Construct bracketed and indented keys for identification of the provided specimen

3.0 comparative studies of natural groups of organisms.

1. With examples, explain when and why viruses are considered to be a living and non living organisms

2. Describe the life cycle of a bacteriophage, showing the main events of viral replication

3. Briefly explain why vaccines against many viral diseases are currently available but HIV vaccination is still a challenge to medical biologist.

4. Giving reason, briefly explain in which phase of the life cycle HIV

replication occurs.

5. Briefly explain why the carolus Linnaeus classification system was silent about Kingdom Monera.

6. Describe the general and distinctive features of division eubacteria 7. Citing the significance of each , explain two ways by which bacteria reproduce

8. Give four reasons to justify the placement of cynobacteria under division Eubacteria

9. Why some taxonomists separate cyanophytes from division eubacteria and place them in division Cyanobacteria

10. Using relevant examples, example the ways in which bacteria are ecologically and economically important.

11. Explain with examples, why bacteria are said to be successful colonizers.

12. Give reasons as to why some taxonomists consider protoctista as an obsolete kingdom

13. Explain the reasons why both monera and protoctista are single-celled organisms but belong into different kingdoms.

14. Describe any five features which make amoeba a specialized from of protoctists.

15. What is the economic importance of entamoeba?

16. Explain the distinctive features of the phylum Zoomastigina 17. Describe the structure of a trypanosome

18. Normally areas infested by tse tse flies are not suitable for human settlement. Justify.

19. Distinguish between Apicomplexa and other protoctists OK

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6.0 Regulation

1. Briefly explain the concept of regulation (homeostasis) 2. Describe the components of the homeostatic control mechanism 3. Explain the feedback mechanism for homeostatic control 4. Give a physiological example of a negative feedback control system and clearly describe how it works.

5. Explain the mechanisms of temperatures regulation in endothermic organisms

6. Show the role of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation 7. Describe the adaptations of mammal to cold and hot climatic conditions 8. Analyze the major excretory products in vertebrates 9. Describe the structures of the mammalian Nephron 10. Explain three common disorders of urinary system in humans 11. How does the type of nitrogenous waste excreted by an animal related to water availability in its body?

12. Describe the mechanism of urine formation 13. Explain the concept of regulation

14. With a specific example of a homeostatic mechanism o, draw a diagrammatic representation showing how the body can balance its contents through negative feedback mechanism

15. How do endosperms keep their body temperature constant?

16. Outline various ways by which mammals are adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions

17. Briefly describe the ornithine cycle

18. Briefly describe how mammalian renal tubule is adapted to its functions 19. Explain the causes, effects and prevention of the following disorders in human;

(a). Kidney failure

(b). Kidney stone

(c). Diabetes insipidus

20. Explain the mechanisms of osmoregulation in marine elasmobranches 21. Describe the counter current multiplier system in the mammalian loop of Henle.

22. Describe the mechanism of osmoregulation in mammals 23. Explain the mechanism of hormonal control of osmoregulation in mammals.



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